Essay about The Atomic Bomb in World War Two - 1311 Words

The Atomic Bomb in World War Two In 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the armed forces of the United States and her allies had been at war with Japan. The combined land, sea and air forces of the allied forces fought back against Japan, until only the Japanese homeland remained in Japanese control. On July 26,1941 President Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration,which called for Japan’s unconditional surrender and listed peace terms. The Japanese were warned of the consequences of continued resistance by the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, signed by President Truman, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom with concurrence of Chang Kai-Shek, President of the National Government of China. When Japan rejected the†¦show more content†¦Around 1803 John Dalton, an English chemist developed the first useful atomic theory of matter. Amedeo Avogadro, the Italian chemist in 1811 published an article drawing the distinction between the atom and the molecule, which now is known as â€Å"Avogadro’s Principle†. The French team of Pierre and Marie Curie who are known as the parents of nuclear physics came to the realization that the atom has a core, or nucleus. It became apparent that different laws of physics govern the nucleus. In Cambridge England, Sir J.J. Thomson who in 1897 discovered the electron and his pupil Lord Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton. The history of the atomic age was coming right along on a steady pace then in 1905 Albert Einstein wrote the mass-energy conversion equation, and things started to progress very rapidly. In 1932 Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron, this rovided an ideal projectile for splitting the atom. The final clue to the neutron and atomic energy was when an observation was noted that a peculiar property of the radiation emitted when beryllium is bombarded with alpha particles. In 1938 the discovery of fission of the uranium nucleus by neutron bombardment. In 1940 President Roosevelt organized the National Defense Resear ch Committee, which was determined to develop an atomic bomb. Development and construction of the atomic bomb was the most closely guarded secret in scientific history. This was aShow MoreRelatedWorld War Two and the Atomic Bomb Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War Two and the Atomic Bomb World War II is one of the most historic points in the history of the world. The war was by far the most devastating in the history of the world. There were many controversial actions during the war, but one of the biggest was the decision by the United States to drop atomic bombs. 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Most who worked on the famous Manhattan Project were from other countries. The Republic of science was not an actual institution but a belief that the scientists of the world would go beyond politicsRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 Pagescities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventually, it was measured that 135,000 people were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were the atomic bomb s created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatly. It all started when World War II began in 1939. Some scientists

The Teacher Centered Philosophies Of Education - 1098 Words

Essentialism is a teacher-based ideology that advocates for meticulous practice with subjects such as math and science, writing and also reading. Teacher-centered philosophies of education require that children are educated using certain methods put into action by their teacher, as opposed to student-centered philosophies. Teaching methods are formed according to the needs and learning styles of individual students. Teacher-centered philosophies force the student to adjust to the teacher; with student-centered philosophies, the teacher adjusts to the student. An essentialist curriculum is structured to develop discipline and a common culture of knowledge and character development. The special aspect of essentialism is that by teaching deep into core subject’s students tend to have more knowledge. This I believe leads to a better society. It also leads the students to be successful whether it is in college or in the working word. A key view on essentialism is that it has a high standard on academic standards. This thrive students to work harder and get the full potential out of students. Essentialists value deep knowledge on a few core subjects, as opposed to more general knowledge on a wider array of subjects. Historical Overview: Essentialism was started in 1938 by education reformist William C. Bagley in America. He wanted and pushed for a strong, core curriculum in the school systems of America. He wanted the school systems to compete with the higher-ranking countries inShow MoreRelated My Student-centered Teaching Philosophy Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesMy Student-centered Teaching Philosophy What makes a good teacher? There are many factors that determined the answers to this question. The most dominant factor is the teaching philosophy. It plays a significant role in the teaching career because it determines what the teacher will teach and how he/she will teach. Personally, my teaching philosophy will be student-centered with the combination of three related theories, and emphasis on each student’s individual needs, and teachingRead MoreChapter 8- Philosophy Of Education Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesSadker, D.M. Zittleman, K.R. (2013). Teachers, Schools, and Society. (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. Chapter 8- Philosophy of Education pp. 250-257 The author mentions four elements of philosophies in education that may center on teachers and centered on students. Teacher- Centered Philosophies are mostly emphasizes the importance of transferring knowledge, information, and skills. One teacher-centered philosophy is Essentialism. Essentialism teaching the back to basic approach, which centersRead MoreI Am A Professional Teacher Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a professional teacher, it takes skill to train young minds. Education is extremely important to go through. 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Analysing The Preferences Of The International Students On The Courses

Question: Discuss about the Analysing The Preferences Of The International Students On The Courses And Universities In Australia That They Have To Enrol Into. Answer: Introduction Phang, (2013) has opined that the internationalisation of Higher Equation (HE) over the past 30 years has experienced a major growth and in the year 1980s and 1990s, international education has emerged as a significant service industry. Thus, as a result of internationalisation, the flow of students across borders has increased. This is evident from the fact that in the past decades, 1.5 million students have studied outside their home countries and in the year 2000, there were 1.5 million international students across the globe in Higher Educational Institutions (OECD, 2012). As per the studies conducted by Phang, (2013), USA has been recognised as a destination country characterised with higher number of international students followed by UK and Australia. Over the past few decades, USA has been observed to have hosted more than one third of the international students across the globe. So, it can be said that education has emerged as an industry that has tremendous potential when c ompared to the other trade business. The statistics have revealed that around 2.9 million students from across the globe have been accepted by the tertiary education in the year 2006 and it is being predicted that by the end o the year 2025, around 7 million students would be accepted by the tertiary education. The increasing demand for international higher education service by the international students has created opportunities for the several destination countries like Australia especially for making significant contributions to the nations revenue (Soria Troisi, 2014). The spastics published by Australian Bureau Statistics revealed that exports from international education in Australia can be valued at $18.8 billion that has made the education service industry, the third largest export for the country in the year 2014-15 (Ministers for the Department of Education and Training, 2016). Thus, taking into consideration the above aspects, the researcher in the present study would strive towards analyzing the preference of the international students in context to the choice of Australian Universities and Courses. Project Objectives The researcher in the present study would strive towards analyzing the facts that encourages and motivate the international students to prefer Australian Universities and courses for their higher studies. Thus, the entire study would strive towards the successful achievement of the following research objectives: To investigate the factors that influence the decision making process of the international students to select higher education abroad. To analyze the factors those are considered by the international students while selecting Australian Universities and Courses. To provide recommendations with the help of Australian Universities and courses can attract more international students for enrolment. Project Scope The present study would be limited to Australian Universities and Courses and the factors of motivation for selecting the university and courses would be collected from the students who are enrolled in the Australian Universities undertaking post graduate and graduate courses. Moreover, since the study emphasizes upon analysing the factors that influence the enrolment of students to international Universities and courses, it is not possible to find relevant data from several host countries. Thus, the researcher has chosen Australian Universities and Courses and it is also because of the fact that Australia in the recent times has emerged as most preferred destination for international students for their higher education after USA. The other reason for choosing Australia as the destination mainly because international higher education for Australian Universities and courses has been successful when measured in terms of the number of international students enrolling in the Australian U niversities and the courses offered and the revenue generated by the education service industry for the country. As per Australian Bureau Statistics, exports from international education in Australia can be valued at $18.8 billion that has made the education service industry, the third largest export for the country in the year 2014-15 (Internationaleducation, 2017). On the other hand, the researcher in order to conduct the study efficiently would limit the scope to Melbourne since it considered as one of the best international centres of excellence an leadership in international education and the location for the study has also been selected taking into consideration the budget, geographical and time constraints. Moreover, the number of participants for the study can be looked upon to be dependent mainly upon the cooperation and permission from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) that limited the sample size of the study. So, the study would be limited mainly to four HEIs in Victoria (Melbourne). Literature Review The studies conducted by Gonzalez et al., (2011) has revealed that while introducing a new product or service in the market, it is important for the producer to gain an enhanced understanding of the specific needs of the customers. Enhanced understanding of the specific needs proves to be beneficial in developing products and services capable of meeting the identified needs. So, in this context, James et al., (2010) proposed the fact that to gain an understanding of the specific needs of the international students while taking a decision to study abroad, there are five group of factors and include the characteristics of the Higher Education Institutions, characteristics of the host country, sources of information, the benefits and risks associated with the selection of the course and the destination. Bodycott, (2009) opined that there are various sources of information that the international students refer to in order to seek valuable information while taking the decision to study abroad and he also proposed that these sources of information not only facilitate the students with relevant information, rather it also influences the decision making process of the students for enrolling at HEIs in the destination country. The sources of information include the friends, relatives, family members, private agents, Australian Education Centres (AECs) and education exhibitions and other sources that include the magazines, internet (website of HEIs) and newspapers. In context to the second factor i.e. the characteristics of HEIs, Hasan et al., (2009) proposed the fact that students while taking the decision of studying aboard and selecting the destination tend to evaluate factors like the tution fees, the recognition of qualification, reputation of HEIs, standard of the course and programme, range of programmes and courses available, facilities provided by the HEI for international students, financial aid available for the international students, time required for completion of the courses, exemption systems and counselling services. In context to the third factor, i.e. the country characteristics, it was proposed by Eder et al., (2010) that while selecting the destination country for studying abroad, the students strive towards evaluating factors that include the cost of living, opportunity for migration, opportunity for part time jobs, safety, geographical proximity, political stability, cultural factors and issues and other facilities like public transportation available. In context to the fourth factors i.e. benefit associated, Salisbury et al., (2009) opined that consumers strive towards trading off against the price they tend to pay for the products and services and then compare the results in the perception of value. Thus, if the value received is high, the willingness on the part of the customers to adopt the new products and services is more. Thus, in context to selecting Australia for higher studies, the students from the Southeast Asian countries, Middle-east and Pacific Islands perceive that by studying in Australia, the opportunities to have good carriers in their home countries would increase and also would lead to enhanced experience. Other benefits that are perceived by the international students include the language improvement, intercultural exchange. In context to the fifth factor i.e. the risk associated, it was put forward by Salisbury et al., (2011) that perceived risk can be referred to as uncertainty on the part of the consumers due to their inability to foresee the consequence of their decision to make the purchase. Thus in case of the decision making process of the international student to study abroad in countries like Australia, the student might face challenges in terms of cultural shock, homesickness, problems in speaking and understanding English, financial constraint and racial discrimination. Thus from the above discussions, it can be said that there are various factors that tend to make a significant influence on the decision making process of the students while selecting a destination country and a university for studying abroad. Problem Statement The studies of Mpinganjira, (2009) has revealed that global mobility in higher education services has emerged as a major factor by the developed countries like USA, UK and Australia and other non-speaking countries like Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. English has been recognised as a global language for communication across the globe and thus has influenced the HEIs while offering international programmes. Moreover, in the recent times, there has been an increase in the demand for studying abroad on the part of the international students and so, it has become important for the HEIs of the countries to understand the specific needs of the international students and the factors that encourage and influence their decision of selecting the destination country and university for undertaking higher education (Phang, 2013). Thus, taking into consideration the above aspect, the researcher in the present study would emphasize upon analysing the factors that influence the decision making process of the international students while making their decision to study abroad and while selecting the destination country and HEI. Research Gap Analysing the available literature, the researcher observed that there exist several studies that has emphasised upon how the international students select their destinations for studying abroad and little focus has been upon the factors that tends to make a significant influence on their decision to select the destination country, course and the HEI (Presley et al., 2010). Moreover, studies in context to Australian Universities and Australia as a destination country are also limited. Thus, the researcher undertook the study to analyze the factors that influence their decision making process of selecting the destination country and universities especially in context to Australia. Moreover, it would prove to be beneficial in making significant contributions to the enhancement of the existing knowledge and literature that would prove to be beneficial for the HEIs to design their courses as per the specific needs of the international students and would also assist the government of the countries to make efforts in developing the country to be a country of choice for international studies by the international students. Hypothesis HEI characteristics positively influence the decision of the international students for studying abroad. Host country characteristics positively influence the decision of the international students for studying abroad. Sources of information positively influence the decision of the international students for studying abroad. Benefits associated with studying abroad positively influence the decision of the international students for studying abroad. Risks associated with studying abroad negatively influence the decision of the international students for studying abroad. Research Questions: Primary Question What is the decision making process involved in selecting the destination country and universities on the part of the student while making the decision of studying abroad? Secondary Questions What are the factors that influence the decision making process of the international students to select higher education abroad? What are the factors those are considered by the international students while selecting Australian Universities and Courses? What are the ways in which Australian Universities and courses can attract more international students for enrolment? Research Design and Methodology Quantitative Research In the present study the researcher would strive towards identifying and evaluating the factors that influences the decision making process of the international students while making the decision of studying abroad. Thus, in order to meet the purpose of the study and as per the nature of the study, the researcher has focused upon collecting both the primary and the secondary data (Brannen, 2017). The secondary data for the research would be collected from online sources that would include the peer reviewed articles and journals published online, early research studies conducted by scholars published online, government website and industry reports (Muijs, 2010). The researcher would collect the secondary data from offline sources like the research papers that would be made available in the library and the lecture notes and study materials provided by the mentors. The primary data taking into consideration the nature and the purpose of the study would be collected by the researcher by conducting a questionnaire survey targeted towards the international students enrolled in graduate and post graduate courses in four HEIs in Victoria (Melbourne). Research Instrument Sheperis et al., (2016) opined that instrument is the generic term that is used by the researcher for a measurement device including survey, test and questionnaires. Thus, instrument can broadly be classified into two braid categories that include the researcher completed and subject completed. The major difference is that the researcher completed instruments are the ones that are administered by the researcher and subject completed instruments are the ones that completed by the participants (Leech Onwuegbuzie, 2009). Thus, in context to the particular study, the researcher would use performance checklists and time and motion logs as researcher completed instruments and questionnaires as the subject completed instruments. Quantitative Data Analysis Process The researcher in the present study would make an effective use of the statistical tools and techniques and software like SPSS and MS Excel to present and analyze the collected data. The researcher with the help of statistical tools and techniques would emphasise upon testing the set hypothesis developed on the basis of the dependent and dependent variables (Boone Boone, 2012). The dependent variable include the process of selection of the destination country and HEI while make the decision of studying abroad by the international students. The independent variables would include the HEI characteristics, Host country characteristics, Sources of information, Benefits associated, Risks associated. The researcher would analyze the collected data with the help of following tools and techniques: Descriptive statistics Assist in comparing and analysing the respondents responses in demographical terms. Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis Assist the researcher in analysing the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables (Johnson Wichern, 2014). It would also assist in testing the set hypothesis. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Testing Assist the researcher to determine the strength of relationship that would exist between the variables adopted for the particular study. Sampling and Sample Size The researcher in order to collect the response of the international student would conduct a questionnaire survey targeted towards the students of four HEIs in Victoria (Melbourne). The researcher would target a sample of 200 students. However, while selecting the universities, the researcher would use non-probabilistic sampling since the selection would be based mainly upon the permission granted for conducting the survey by the HEIs (Lohr, 2009). On the other hand, the students for survey would be selected with the help of probabilistic sampling since it would prove to be beneficial in providing equal opportunity to all the participants to participate in the survey. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire would consist of closed ended questions with limited number of options to avoid confusion on the part of the students while answering (Krosnick Presser, 2010). Moreover, closed ended question would be easily to analyze and before conducting the actual survey, a pilot survey would be consulted to analyse whether the question is well understood or not and required changes would be made as per the feedback before the final survey. Reliability and Validity of Data The reliability of secondary data would be ensured by including only those articles and journals those are peer reviewed, collecting information from government websites and education industry reports and including offline sources like research papers in library made available by the mentor (Marshall et al., 2010). Validity of the secondary data would be ensured by including only those data and information those are published within the time span of 2009 to 2016. In order to ensure the validity of the primary data, the researcher would include questionnaires those would be properly filled up and conduct a pilot survey testing whether the questions and options are easily understood. To ensure the reliability of primary data, the researcher would ensure zero level manipulation. Research Limitations The researcher in the present study would face constraints in terms of budget, geographic proximity and time. So, the researcher would limit the study to only four HEIs in Victoria (Melbourne) and would target a small sample of 200 international students and would conduct the survey via mail (Marshall Rossman, G2014). Time Schedule Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Introduction Objective Setting for the Research Data (Primary and Secondary) Collection Plan Reviewing the Literature Research Methodology Development Primary Data Collection Interpreting and Analyzing the Primary Data Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Thus it can be said that the study would be a quantitative research and would be based upon both the primary and secondary data to test the hypothesis and analyse the alignment that exist between the practical observations of the researcher gained from the survey and the theoretical knowledge gained from the critical review of the available literature. References Bodycott, P. (2009). Choosing a higher education study abroad destination: What mainland Chinese parents and students rate as important.Journal of research in International education,8(3), 349-373. Boone, H. N., Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing likert data.Journal of extension,50(2), 1-5. Brannen, J. (Ed.). (2017).Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research. Routledge. Eder, J., Smith, W. W., Pitts, R. E. (2010). Exploring factors influencing student study abroad destination choice.Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism,10(3), 232-250. Gonzalez, C. R., Mesanza, R. B., Mariel, P. (2011). The determinants of international student mobility flows: An empirical study on the Erasmus programme.Higher Education,62(4), 413-430. Hasan, H. F. A., Ilias, A., Rahman, R. A., Razak, M. Z. A. (2009). Service quality and student satisfaction: A case study at private higher education institutions.International Business Research,1(3), 163. Internationaleducation. (2017).The value of international education to Australia. [online] Available at: https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/research-papers/Documents/ValueInternationalEd.pdf [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. James, R., Krause, K. L., Jennings, C. (2010). The first year experience in Australian universities.Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations [DEEWR]. Johnson, R. A., Wichern, D. W. (2014).Applied multivariate statistical analysis(Vol. 4). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Krosnick, J. A., Presser, S. (2010). Question and questionnaire design.Handbook of survey research,2(3), 263-314. Leech, N. L., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2009). A typology of mixed methods research designs.Quality quantity,43(2), 265-275. Lohr, S. (2009).Sampling: design and analysis. Nelson Education. Marshall, A. L., Miller, Y. D., Burton, N. W., Brown, W. J. (2010). Measuring total and domain-specific sitting: a study of reliability and validity.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,42(6), 1094-1102. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2014).Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Ministers for the Department of Education and Training. (2016).Australias international education sector worth more than previously estimated | Ministers' Media Centre, Australian Government. [online] Available at: https://ministers.education.gov.au/colbeck/australias-international-education-sector-worth-more-previously-estimated [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Mpinganjira, M. (2009). Comparative analysis of factors influencing the decision to study abroad.African Journal of Business Management,3(8), 358. Muijs, D. (2010).Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. Sage. OECD. (2012).Education at a Glance 2012. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/edu/highlights.pdf [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Phang, S. L. (2013).Factors influencing international students study destination decision abroad(Master's thesis). Presley, A., Damron-Martinez, D., Zhang, L. (2010). A study of business student choice to study abroad: A test of the theory of planned behavior.Journal of Teaching in International Business,21(4), 227-247. Salisbury, M. H., Paulsen, M. B., Pascarella, E. T. (2011). Why do all the study abroad students look alike? Applying an integrated student choice model to explore differences in the factors that influence white and minority students intent to study abroad.Research in Higher Education,52(2), 123-150. Salisbury, M. H., Umbach, P. D., Paulsen, M. B., Pascarella, E. T. (2009). Going global: Understanding the choice process of the intent to study abroad.Research in higher education,50(2), 119-143. Sheperis, C. J., Young, J. S., Daniels, M. H. (2016).Counseling research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Pearson. Soria, K. M., Troisi, J. (2014). Internationalization at home alternatives to study abroad: Implications for students development of global, international, and intercultural competencies.Journal of Studies in International Education,18(3), 261-280.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Their Eyes Were Watching God Argumentative Essay Their Eyes Were Watching God The Struggle for the Perfect ManWhen we find a love interest and have an opportunity to commit to him or her, we usually do, not noting the consequences we may face by doing so.The first few times around, however, the outcome is usually not the one we had expected and hoped for.Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God portray two young women on their trek to find the perfect love.Even though Carrie Meeber and Janie Crawford have almost nothing in common, they both shared the impact of the same consequences.Carrie and Janie show how people of countless numbers of backgrounds can share the same experiences and consequences through their journey of love. We will write a custom essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first relationship often makes a big impact on the person, one that they will never forget. Carries journey begins on her train ride to Chicago.A very handsome and rich man, Drouet, takes note of Carrie and begins talking to her.She becomes overwhelmed at his quick advancement upon her and becomes weak and vulnerable.She quickly takes interest in him and does not know how to act or what to think as shown in this passage:There was something satisfactory in the attention of this individual with good clothes.She realized that she was of interest to him from the one standpoint which a woman both delights in and fears.Her manner was simple, though for the very reason that she had not yet learned the many little affections with which women conceal their true feelings. (pp. 11-12, Sister Carrie)Carrie didnt know what to expect when she got together with Drouet.She loved the wealth and money, and believed she loved Drouet.After a while she began to realize that she really didnt love him.But she thought that marriage would be a guarantee against losing his affection and generosity. Janie, on the other hand, was forced into her first relationship, in which this case was a marriage.Janie thought she could grow to love Logan, but did not.She soon learned that marriage did not make love. Logan did nothing wrong, Janie was just looking for something else, someone who could love her the way she wanted to be loved. In the second relationship, things are often thought to be better, but its not always the case.Both Carrie and Janie thought that they could make their lives better if they could just leave what they had behind and go off with someone else who they thought could be what they had always dreamed of.Janie meets Joe Starks, who tempts Janie into leaving Logan by telling her You aint got no mo business wid uh plow than uh hog is got wid uh holiday!A pretty doll-baby lak you is made to sit on de front porch and rock and fan yoself (p. 28, Their Eyes Were Watching God).Janie eventually finds unhappiness with Joe but doesnt do anything to escape from him.Carrie meets Hurstwood, and begins seeing him.After Hurstwood goes bankrupt, Carrie gets a job and leaves Hurstwood after learning that she can support herself. The third time around is where Carrie and Janie suffer the worst consequences.Carrie meets a young man named Robert Ames.Despite the kindness he intrigues her with, he was not concerned with emotions towards Carrie.She was left in loneliness only to dream of what she didnt have, as noted here: In your rocking chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone.In your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel. (pp.464-465, Sister Carrie).Janie finally met the true love of her life, Tea Cake.He treated and loved her the way she wanted him to.Unfortunately, Tea Cake contracted rabies and Janie had to shoot him out of self defense. .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .postImageUrl , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:hover , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:visited , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:active { border:0!important; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:active , .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064 .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24cb5b00502b2d3b78bfaf442dc2d064:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PAIN EssayLove is a very complicated subject.No one knows whom he or she will find as their true love, nor do they know when.We go through many different experiences and can share and understand one anothers, from prior experience ourselves.Carrie and Janies stories are just examples of what one might find on his or her journey through love, and they help us to understand why things happen the way they do.Even though everyone may not go up the same path at the same time, they all end up going down one main road, and therefore suffer the same consequences as everyone else has.

Money, Morals Manners by Michele Lamont free essay sample

Critical analysis of work on role of socioeconomics cultural hierarchies in perception of self others. The purpose of this research is to examine sociological theories related to Money, Morals, and Manners, by Michele Lamont. The plan of the research will be to set forth the fundamental thesis and assumptions of the work and explore the theoretical foundations informing it, noting how Lamonts views both derive and depart from precedent theory, and then to discuss the specific manner in which she makes use of the theories to develop those views, with reference to her research methodology. As appropriate, reference will be made to the efficacy and reasonableness of Lamonts theories and conclusions relative to her assessment of earlier theory on society and culture. The thesis of Money, Morals, and Manners is that dominant figures of the upper-middle class define valued cultural styles and experience through identifiable cultural categories, or the

The Railways in the Industrial Revolution

The Railways in the Industrial Revolution If the steam engine is the icon of the industrial revolution, it’s most famous incarnation is the steam driven locomotive. The union of steam and iron rails produced the railways, a new form of transport which boomed in the later nineteenth century, affecting industry and social life. The Development of the Railways In 1767 Richard Reynolds created a set of rails for moving coal at Coalbrookdale; these were initially wood  but became iron rails. In 1801 the first Act of Parliament was passed for the creation of a ‘railway’, although at this point it was a horse pulled carts on rails. Small, scattered railway development continued, but at the same time, the steam engine was evolving. In 1801 Trevithic invented a steam driven locomotive which ran on roads, and 1813 William Hedly built Puffing Billy for use in mines, followed a year later by George Stephenson’s engine. In 1821 Stephenson built the Stockton to Darlington railway using iron rails and steam power with the aim of breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners. The initial plan had been for horses to provide the energy, but Stephenson pushed for steam. The importance of this has been exaggerated, as it still remained as â€Å"fast† as a canal (i.e. slow). The first time a railway used a true steam locomotive running on rails was the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830. This is probably the true landmark in rail and mirrored the route of the groundbreaking Bridgewater Canal. Indeed, the owner of the canal had opposed the railway to protect his investment. The Liverpool to Manchester railway provided the management blueprint for later development, creating a permanent staff and recognizing the potential of passenger travel. Indeed, until the 1850s railways made more from passengers than freight. In the 1830s canal companies, challenged by new railways, cut prices and largely kept their business. As railways were rarely connected they were generally used for local freight and passengers. However, industrialists soon realized that railways could make a clear profit, and in 1835-37, and 1844-48 there was such a boom in the creation of railways that ‘railway mania’ was said to have swept the country. In this later period, there were 10,000 acts creating railways. Of course, this mania encouraged the creation of lines which were unviable and in competition with each other. The government largely adopted a laissez-faire attitude  but did intervene to try and stop accidents and dangerous competition. They also passed a law in 1844 ordering third class travel to be on at least one train a day, and the Gauge Act of 1846 to make sure the trains ran on the same sort of rails. Railways and Economic Development Railways had a major impact on farming, as perishable goods such as dairy products could now be moved long distances before they were inedible. The standard of living rose as a result. New companies formed to both run railways and take advantage of the possibilities, and a major new employer was created. At the height of the railway boom, massive amounts of Britain’s industrial output were funneled into the construction, boosting industry, and when the British boom subsided these materials were exported to build railways abroad. Social Impact of Railways In order for trains to be timetabled, a standardized time was introduced across Britain, making it a more uniform place. Suburbs began to form as white collar workers moved out from the inner cities, and some working-class districts were demolished for new rail buildings. Opportunities for travel broadened as the working class could now travel further and more freely, although some conservatives worried this would cause a revolt. Communications were vastly sped up, and regionalization began to break down. Importance of the Railways The effect of railways in the Industrial Revolution is often exaggerated. They did not cause industrialization  and had no impact on the changing locations of industries as they only developed after 1830 and were initially slow to catch on. What they did do was allow the revolution to continue, provide further stimulus, and help to transform the mobility and diets of the population.

Detailed explanations of the IOT (internet of things) and implications Essay

Detailed explanations of the IOT (internet of things) and implications technology - Essay Example This will be made possible through the increased connectivity between the physical items and the virtual world (Mattern & Floerkemeier, 2010). The Internet of Things is not created by a single novel technology. However, it is made up of a variety of technical developments that create the capacity to bridge the existing gap between virtual and physical world. The capacities that would be created include communication and cooperation, addressability, identification, sensing, actuation, embedded information processing, localization and user interfaces (Mattern & Floerkemeier, 2010). The objects through communication and cooperation would have the capabilities to network between each other as well as with the internet sources, and to update their state using data and services. In addressability, the objects have the capacity to be remotely configured and interrogated through effective location and address through discovery. The physical objects will also be uniquely identified. The optically readable bar codes and the Near Field Communication are just a few of the technologies that incapacitate passive objects that lack inbuilt energy resources to be identifiable. With sensing, the objects will be or are equipped with sensors enabling them to collect data, record and interpret it accordingly then forward or reacts to it. They also have actuators for environment manipulation. They have microcontrollers, processors, in addition to storage capacities. By localization, the objects are conscious of their physical locations or better still can be located. With the user interfaces, the objects are able to effectively communicate with people in appropriate and relevant manner. The concept is premised on the trends witnessed towards the end of the 20th century, where there exist gradual advances in communication and information technology, as well as in microelectronics. These changes

Sentencing Rationales and Plea Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sentencing Rationales and Plea Bargaining - Essay Example One of the reasons why courts exist is to provide justice by ensuring that the punishment an offender is given is proportionate to the crime committed. After claims that unwarranted sentencing occurred in US, the congress decided to ensure justice by coming up with guidelines which were to be used by all courts when it came to criminal sentencing. The Sentencing Act was formulated and passed with the main aim of ensuring that unwarranted disparities which were thought to exist in the judicial systems were eliminated (Stith & Koh, 1993). Retribution which means offering sentencing criminals to serve punishments that are to some extent proportional to the crimes committed plays a major role in sentencing. This is because, the essence of judicial systems is to provide justice and justice means paying a price that is equivalent to the crime committed. The formulation of the criminal sentencing guidelines that have a table with ranges that people who have committed certain crimes should be sentenced clearly shows that retribution forms an extremely strong basis in sentencing. Based on the sentencing guidelines, the crime for which a person is convicted will always form the basic offense level with details of the case further determining the sentence by either subtracting or adding. The alteration in the sentence presented by the base offence depends on the role played by the person and the amount of damage that the person might have caused. For example a robbery will form the base offence with minor details such as whether the person used a gun or shot somebody adding to the sentence while a person who was involved in robbery with violence but played a minor role might end up getting le sser sentence than a person who will be judged to have played a vital role getting a tougher sentence (Stith & Koh, 1993). Plea bargaining is where the prosecutor and the defense counsel come to an

Is there a China threat, and if so what should we be doing about it Essay

Is there a China threat, and if so what should we be doing about it - Essay Example The enduring control of a worn-out, edgy, Communist regime scarcely serves to improve international confidence in the Chinese bid for a responsible position on the world stage of the new century (Lawson, 161). It is possible that what some see as the threat of a menacing new superpower might actually be the promise of a new forward-looking Chinese generation on the verge of the disavowal of old revolutionary sympathies with aspirations of taking an active part in a wider world growing ever more interdependent (Jian, 28). Professor Chen Jian offers a unique point of view from his background as a Chinese Red Guard during the infamous Cultural Revolution. Appraising China's foreign-policy from the vantage point of an insider rooted in Chinese history, Jian identifies a key factor in Chinese modern military behaviour as the belief that economic exploitation and military aggression by foreign imperialist countries have dishonoured the glory of the ancient Central Kingdom or Zhong Guo (Jian, 26). The perceived humiliation continues to foster a victim mindset unique to Chinese history that overshadows China's relations with the international community (Thatcher, 163). Chinese leaders held that the revolution would be ultimately successful when it recovered China's former standing in the world (Leffler and Painter, 278). China currently boasts a ten percent annual economic growth, but poverty is rife in its rural interior. The regime uses its extensive masses in the service of its growing economic prowess, while its aging leaders wrestle with the spectre of social dissolution under the strain of vastly diverse regional political, economic, and ethnic forces (Poole-Robb and Bailey,185). Serious domestic challenges compel modern China to focus its policy largely within its own borders. The persistence of political repression along with China's dismal human rights record may actually be the uneasy admission that the iron control is slipping by degrees from their grasp (Lawson, 149). Though Chinese labourers are more expensive than their equals in poorer countries of Southeast Asia or Africa, the Chinese nation offers a more stable situation for international investment in the current political climate, along with a dependable and competent labour force, primed by years of government-enforced discipline (Poole-Robb and Bailey, 185). The Chinese masses make attractive market prospects and inexpensive manufacturers. As China's market attains record trade, industrial output, and consumer spending, the nation's future holds both promise and paradox for the world at large (Thatcher, 114). From near isolation China has escalated to the third strongest economy in world trade, behind the United States and Germany but ahead of Japan. Though the Chinese middle class does not quite experience the affluence Western nations enjoy, the standard of living for this growing sector of the public is relatively high within the general Chinese public, as China's domestic price differs substantially from the price of a comparable item in wealthier nations with higher standards of living (Segal, 56). China's citizens number close to 1.5 billion people, a population in great flux. Since economic reform began under Deng Xiaoping three decades ago, the

Erik Eriksons Developmental Theory Case Study

Erik Eriksons Developmental Theory Case Study Human Development This human development assignment will discuss an overview of Erik Erikson’s background, theory and his eight developmental stages. Then this assignment will briefly discuss Mr Paki’s developmental stage and his experience .e.g. physical, emotional, cultural and social. Later it will discuss the actions and the support to assist Mr Paki with his situation. Part (A) Erik Erikson was a psychologist who developed his psychosocial development theory in 1963. He was born in 1902 in Germany; his biological father abandoned him before he was born. Erik Erikson studied arts and many different languages and after he graduated he worked as a professor. Moreover, in 1930 he married Joan Serson who was an artist and dancer but later on she helped Erik with his psychosocial development theory. Erikson was influenced by Freud’s development theory but Erikson also believed that human develop throughout their life span. However, Freud believed that our personality formed after the age of five (Bradley, 2002). Erik Erickson developed eight stages of human development and he also believed that each person go through every stages throughout life span. In each stage, Erikson believed that, â€Å"people experience a  conflict  that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are entered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure (Cherry, 2014.† The first stage is Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 year) in this stage an infant develops trust when a parent response to his/her needs. However, it can also lead to mistrust when a parent is not responding to them. Second stage is Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 4 years) in this stage, children are learning to gain self-confident. For example, toilet training, children are learning to control their body’s function which can lead to self-independence and control. But if children who are not completing this stage, they are most likely to lose their confident. Third stage is initiative versus guilt (4 to 8 years), in this stage children begin to show their power and control over the world through sports and other social interaction. If a parent started to demand too much discipline they induce extreme guilt (Berk, 2010, p.17). Fourth stage is industry versus inferiority (8 to 12 years) in this stage, children start to gain confident to work with their peers cooperatively but inferiority begins when a child is not receiving encouragement from their parents, teachers or students which can lead to failure in the future (Berk, 2010, p.17). Fifth stage is identity versus role confusion (12 to 20 years) in this stage, children are started to identify their role in the world. For example, children are trying to find a way to fit into the society by creating a strong identity with interacting with others and relationships. Moreover, confusion occurs when a child has conflicts about his/her role in society (Berk, 2010, p.17). Sixth stage is intimacy and solidarity versus isolation (20 to 30 years) in this stage, young people enters into intimacy relationships in which they let other people see their physical characteristics of their nature. But young adult may feel isolated when they unable to become closer to others (Berk, 2010, p.17). Seventh stage is generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation (30 to 60 years) in this stage; middle aged adults provide help to the next generation, take place in community work and help others. According to Erickson the idea of generativity is that middle age adult’s attempts to produce something that makes a difference to society, for instance. Some middle adults may feel stagnation if they are not able to take responsibilities (Berk, 2010, p.17). Eighth stage is integrity versus despair (60 years to death) in this stage, late adults or older adults reflect back at their accomplishments and life satisfaction. For example, People feel proud of their achievements when completing this phase with no or few regrets. But people who do not succeed in this stage, they will have many regrets and might that feel their life has been wasted (Berk, 2010, p.17). Part (B) According to Erik Erickson’s theory of development Mr Paki is experiencing eighth stage which is integrity versus despair (60 years to death) because he is 70 years old. Moreover Mr Paki is more likely to experiencing the physical, emotional, cultural and social changes in his life. Physical When people get to this age group(60 years to death) they are more likely to experiencing respiratory system problems and Mr Paki is 70 years old and he has a history of Emphysema and it could be because of smoking or ageism. He also has fractured his right his and his movements are very limited. Barbeler (2013) mentioned that in this age, â€Å"their joints become less elastic and flexible with the loss and calcification of cartilage. The loss of bone density particularly affects long bones and vertebrae. The curve of the lower back changes resulting in a change to the centre of gravity.† (p. 233) Emotional In this stage older adults becomes more selective about whom they choose to spend their time with. In Mr Paki’s situation, he has lost his confidence and ability to cope with activities because of his fractured hip but his whanau visit him regularly and give him the support he need. Moreover he could be concerned and depressed about his wife who is dealing with early dementia. Cultural Ethnicity and linguistic diversity are can often create problems in one’s culture. A person with a diverse cultural background who is ageing in a different environment can face with many challenges (Barbeler, 2013). According to the scenario Mr Paki is Maori and he is been sent to rehabilitation, lack of cultural interaction and communication problems can lead to isolation and feelings of alienation. Social Mr Paki has limited movements because of his fractured right hip and he has lost his daily activity moments because of this Mr Paki is likely to be experiencing loss of confidence in his ability. He might be feeling lonely because there is no interaction between with his friends or community. He might be experiencing depression because in his age group, this is a serious condition and it can be linked with a loss of independent function, cognitive impairment, poor response to rehabilitation and diminished recovery. Older patients face many challenges as they go through the last stage of Erik Erikson’s theory which could be because of their retirement, changes in health status or relationships with friends and family. A nurse should always listen to their patients instead of making assumptions about what patient’s value or what they aim for in their life (Barbeler, 2013). According to the scenario a nurse will put in place actions and support to under physical, emotional, cultural and social to assist Mr Paki. Physical To assist Mr Paki with his physical condition, as he has fractured his right hip, he has limited movement and Mr Paki had lost his confident to cope with activities of daily living (ADL’s) References Bradley, M.E. (2002). Psyography: Erik Erikson. Retrieved from: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/eriker ikon.html Barbeler, C. (2013). Older adulthood. In Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., Hughson, J. (2013). Tabbner’s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. (pp 230-248). China: Libby Houston. Cherry, K. (2014). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development: Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocial theories/a/psychosocial.htm

Internet Users Turn Addicts :: social issues

Internet Users Turn Addicts On June 14, ABC news reported that an "internet-crazed" Cincinnati woman was arrested for neglecting her three young children. The woman reportedly spent 12 hours straight online, while her hungry kids were locked away in one room so she could be online without interruption. The three kids were placed in county custody while the mother was tossed in jail. The Internet is rapidly becoming an addictive source to a lot of its users. Users of the Internet include students, housewives, and business professionals. Some of these Internet users spend a minimum of thirty-eight hours per week on the "net"; hence, losing touch with reality and reeking havoc on their studies, family lives or careers. Individuals such as these are classified as "Internet Addicts." Based on level of addiction, there are three groups of Internet addicts: i) the "I'm-not-addicted users," ii) the "I-only-use-it-when-I-have-to-users" and iii) the "Internet junkies." The "I'm-not-addicted users" are the users who try to convince themselves that they are not addicted to the Internet. This group includes college students who don't go online during the day to prove to fellow students that they can do without getting online; only, to stay up all night in a chat room online. Or businesspeople who stay after office hours to supposedly get a late report done; only, to stay online until the security guy's ready to lock up the building. Or husbands who stay offline all day, only to get online for hours after their family members are asleep. These users are addicts but portray themselves otherwise in the presence of people. Next, are "the I-only-use-it-when-I-have-to-users." These users make convenient excuses to use the Internet. Mothers who claim they have to visit their child's school's website, to read the highlights of the last PTA meeting, while they could have waited for the minutes of the meeting in the mail. They end up staying online for hours. Or college students who insist on checking out the ratings of a movie online, using this as an excuse to stay online for hours; while they could have looked in the local newspaper. Or businesspeople who use checking for e-mail, as an excuse to get online; even though, the computer announces when there's new mail. These addicts make excuses to justify their use of the Internet. The third group of Internet users is the "Internet junkies." Unlike addicts in the previous two groups, these users neither sneak online nor make excuses to get online.

Students Guide

Student 14-16 Guide Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aims and objectives Business ownership Culture Direct selling Ethics Factors of Production Growth Higher grades Insolvency Job advertisement Kellogg and the product life cycle Logistics Marketing mix New product development Organisational functions Pre-issued Case Studies Quantitative and Qualitative market research Recruitment Stakeholders Training Unseen Case Studies View all the latest www. tt100. biz Xchange ideas You ZZZZZZZzzzzz 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Visit www. tt100. biz for Case Studies on these topics from the following organisations. Aims and objectives Effective workplaces Aims, objectives and values Enterprising managers Ansoff’s matrix Ethical supply chain Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics Customer service Factors of Production Developing new fuels Inclusion For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 3 Listings Liability Ownership Market research PESTLE/SLEPT analysis Meeting changing needs Product portfolio Meeting customers’ needs Quality Mutuals Re-branding New product development Recruitment and selection Organisational structures Recruitment, selection and training 4 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Recruitment, selection and training Sustainability Re-positioning The sales function Roles of departments Total quality management Segmentation and customer needs Training Stakeholders Training for growth Support for business Unions For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 5 A Aims and objectives Aims are the overall goals that a business seeks to achieve. Aims can be broken down into objectives. Usually, objectives are more precise than aims. Because the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and the Department of Health sponsor the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP), they are responsible for shaping its aims and objectives. The Programme’s key aims are to: 1. raise levels of achievement across the school population 2. reduce health inequality 3. promote social inclusion. (Social inclusion is an approach that includes all members of a society rather than excluding already disadvantaged individuals and groups. ) Ideally all aims and objectives should be SMART. Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic (or relevant) Time related. Check the website to see what this means with a practical example – The National Healthy Schools Programme. 6 To find out more about aims and objectives check out www. tt100. biz/hda Business ownership B There are a number of different types of business ownership: Sole Traders – are owned and controlled by one person who is responsible for providing all the capital and running of the business with unlimited liability. Partnership – two or more people form a business and share responsibility and costs. They also have unlimited liability. Private Limited Companies – are owned by an individual or a small number of people. Public Limited Companies – owned by shareholders but the shares are open for anyone to buy on the stock exchange. Mutuals – organisations where the owners are also their customers, Nationwide is a Mutual. This brings certain advantages. BUILDING SOCIETIES Members BANKS Shareholders Charge less to borrowers and pay more to savers Charge more to borrowers and pay less to savers Top Tip Ownership always appears in examinations. Make sure you know the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of ownership. In particular, you’ll need to remember what liability means. Liability means being responsible for paying the company’s debts. It can be â€Å"limited† when it is restricted to the amount invested or â€Å"unlimited† where all personal assets can be used to pay off a company’s debts. To read this Case Study and more on Nationwide log on to www. tt100. biz/nationwide 7 C Culture ‘Culture’ describes the typical way an organisation does things, including patterns of behaviour and relationships. Important aspects of culture at Coca-Cola Great Britain are an emphasis on teamwork and empowerment. This reflects the culture of The Coca-Cola Company as a whole. By creating a friendly, innovative culture, Coca-Cola Great Britain is able to depend on a high quality workforce. This helps it to maintain brand leadership in Great Britain and in every other market in which it operates. Top Fact The Coca-Cola Company owns or licences nearly 400 brands in non-alcoholic beverages serving consumers in over 200 countries. ‘Coca-Cola', ‘Coke' and the design of the ‘Coca-Cola' Contour Bottle are registered trade marks of The Coca-Cola Company. 8 To find out more about organisational structures visit www. tt100. biz/culture Direct selling D This is where an organisation deals direct with consumers in their homes or by phone or mail. Amway is one of the world’s largest direct sales companies. It works with around 3 million Independent Business Owners (IBOs) in more than 80 countries. IBOs are usually individuals running an enterprise selling goods. These IBOs are the link between Amway and the final consumer. They are also Amway’s links with citizens and communities across the globe. As a direct selling company, they sell products directly to consumers and bypass the traditional ‘high street’. In the UK Amway distributes a variety of products: Personal Care Skin Care & Colour Cosmetics Durables Nutrition and Wellness Catalogue Items Home Care Fragrances, body care and hair care products A range of skincare and colour cosmetics, Cookware and water treatment systems Food supplements, food and drinks Third party electrical goods Laundry, cleaning, and car care products For more detail on direct selling go to www. tt100. biz/amway 9 E Ethics Ethics are moral principles that affect the way in which an individual or a business behaves. A simple way of looking at ethics is to consider what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and select the ‘right’ option. Ethical companies do the right thing and concern themselves with the long term. Research shows Vodafone’s strong position. Stakeholders perceptions of Vodafone’s CSR Performance Competitor 1 Public 25% Opinion 10% formers Competitor 2 Public 29% The graph shows how Vodafone is perceived in comparison with other operators with regard to how seriously it takes its responsibilities to society and the environment. Groups of opinion formers and members of the public were asked:â€Å"How seriously do you think company X takes its responsibilities to society and the environment? The percentages show the number Insert graph Pg 2 Col ‘very of respondents replying 1 Para 2 seriously’ or ‘fairly seriously’. Opinion 14% formers Competitor 3 Public 23% Opinion 5% formers Vodafone Public 27% Opinion 33% formers Testing Times How can being ethical benefit an organisation like Vodafone? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/student For further explanation of e thics go online to 10 www. tt100. biz/vodafone Factors of Production F Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise are the factors of production. Suppose you wanted to start a business. What would you need? First, you would have to decide what products your business would offer. This decision would influence your view on what premises (or land) you needed, the kind of machinery required and the type of labour to be employed. In addition, you would need to find the money (capital) to pay for setting up all these things. Above all, however, you would need organisational skills. In business terms an ability to organise, together Product Capital with a willingness to take Land or Enterprise Labour risks in pursuit of financial Service returns, is called enterprise. Some would consider enterprise to be the most important of the four factors of production, as poorly run businesses rarely survive for long. Land Securities is a property company. One of its main activities is renting out the buildings it owns. Testing Times Factors of production is a regular question on examination papers. Log on to get a detailed explanation of each of the factors of production and how Land Securities combines them. To find out more about factors of production check out www. tt100. biz/land_securities 11 G Growth As organisations grow and develop they may change their type of ownership to suit their circumstances. A business owner may start as a sole trader. Funding may become a pressing problem as the business grows and the sole trader needs, say, to buy new equipment or to move to larger premises. In this case a sole trader may then decide to become a private limited company, which can raise additional money through a private share issue. A growing business needs capital, this might be raised through: †¢ issue of new shares (known as a ‘new issue’) †¢ retained profit †¢ overdraft †¢ bank loan †¢ hire purchase †¢ sale and leaseback. A growing business might ‘go public’ and raise funds through a public issue of shares on the stock market, (a market on which stocks and shares are sold) known as a new issue. It is a good way for businesses to raise funds and grow. Investors can then purchase these shares and become shareholders. Investors can put money into manufacturing companies e. g. Cadbury Schweppes. They can also invest in investment trusts. These are companies whose only purpose is to invest in other companies. 12 For more detail on growth log on to www. tt100. biz/aitc Higher grades H Higher grades can be achieved by using examples from the Case Studies. Examiners really like it when you can relate class work to real organisations; they give you extra marks! At www. tt100. biz you can find loads of Case Studies showing how wellknown organisations actually implement the theory that you study. It’s also very likely that you will come across Case Studies in your exams. You will be able to find practice exam papers and mark schemes to help you prepare for your exams on the website. If you can’t find what you want straight away, use the site navigation to get to exactly where you need to go. We have great Case Studies in a variety of formats to meet your own needs: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. You’ll also find †¢ Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at 14-16. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. †¢ Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. †¢ Glossary Check out what business words and phrases mean by using our glossary of terms. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 13 I Insolvency Insolvency means a business cannot pay the bills/monies that it owes. Taking a risk means riskin g failure as well as success. A business may fail because it has not correctly assessed the risks it faces. Many businesses succeed but others fail, they become insolvent. This means they do not have enough assets (what they own) that they can turn into cash quickly enough to pay their pressing liabilities (what they owe). By law, the owners of small enterprises, including all sole traders and most partnerships, have unlimited liability for the debts of the business. This means that if the business is insolvent the owners may have to sell the things they own (including their homes) to meet the liabilities of the business. Exam Tip Liability appears frequently on most exam papers. There are plenty of examples and explanations on The Times 100 website. To read this Case Study and more on the Insolvency Service visit 14 www. tt100. biz/insolvency_service Job advertisement The Legal Services Commission (LSC) requires talented people and needs to communicate this in its recruitment advertisements. They provide compelling reasons why many talented people with an interest in the welfare of society look to work for the LSC in a range of roles. J Testing Times Where do you feel would be the best place for this advertisement to be located? Local shop Local newspaper National newspaper Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students To learn more on the Legal Services Commission go to ww. tt100. biz/legal_services 15 K Kellogg and the product life cycle The product life cycle is the stages that a product passes through from design and development to it being taken off the market. Initially the product will grow and flourish. However, as new competitors come into the market and as excitement about the product falls, then the product enters a n ew life cycle stage termed maturity. If the product is not handled carefully at this stage we may see saturation of the market and the onset of a decline in interest. Life Cycle Sales Maturity Decline Growth Introduction Time Testing Times At which point in the product life cycle is advertising and promotion likely to be largest? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 16 For further explanation of the product life cycle go online to www. tt100. biz/kelloggs Logistics L Logistics is another name for distribution. This involves moving raw materials to manufacturers and finished products to shops. Wincanton plc specialises in designing, implementing and operating solutions to customers’ supply problems. It can also manage all aspects of delivery and storage of goods for other firms. This is known as ‘supply chain management’. The company’s activities include: †¢ moving bulk raw materials †¢ organising the movement of supplies to companies †¢ managing the movement of finished goods to customers †¢ managing warehouse facilities. Top Fact Distribution accounts for 20% (on average) of the final costs of goods to customers. For more details on logistics visit www. tt100. biz/wincanton 17 M Marketing mix Argos makes sure that it meets the needs of its customers. Marketing involves understanding who the customers are and what they want through internal data sources such as sales figures and through consumer research Marketing The right products In the right place At the right price With the right promotional activities Top Fact About 80% of Argos customers have already decided what they want to buy before visiting the store or website. Testing Times What methods can a company use to make sure it gets all these things right and reduces the risk of getting them wrong? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 18 To find out more about the marketing mix check out www. tt100. biz/argos New product development N The process of bringing a new product to the market, normally based on research and development to meet the needs of customers. It is vital that large companies use their research and development capabilities to bring to the market new, alternative forms of fuel and energy, whilst at the same time modifying existing fuels derived from crude oil to make them more ecologically efficient in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Shell has pioneered the development of several new fuels e. g. hydrogen filling stations in Iceland, USA and The Netherlands. These fuel sources use water and renewable electricity to provide hydrogen to power cars. This hydrogen is free from carbon. Fuel cell engines running on hydrogen could make vehicle transport genuinely sustainable. Hydrogen can be made locally and water is the only direct emission. Carbon emissions can be zero if the hydrogen is produced by using renewable power to electrolyse water. Shell Hydrogen is building a commercial business to begin tapping this potential. To read this Case Study and more on Shell go to www. tt100. biz/shell 19 O Organisational functions Organisations arrange their employees into different departments and areas. Cummins’ main activities is manufacturing engines and generators. Its departments are: †¢ Manufacturing – Making engines to the highest possible quality and reducing waste and inefficiency. Roles within manufacturing include people working on the factory shop floor as machine operators and as technicians. †¢ Administration – Ensuring the smooth operation of the manufacturing process by offering appropriate administrative support. †¢ Engineering – Designing engines etc and developing the prototypes to their full potential. †¢ Sales and marketing – Discovering customers’ needs and wants. Finding and developing sales opportunities for the company’s products. †¢ Human resources – Recruiting, selecting and training staff to meet customers’ needs. Purchasing and Logistics – Ensuring that components arrive just-in-time (just before they are required for the next step in the process) and that finished goods are shipped around the world quickly and cost effectively. There are Case Studies about Cummins on the website. Log on and look at different areas of the business. 20 To find out more on organisation al functions visit www. tt100. biz/cummins Pre-issued Case Studies P Some exams have pre-issued Case Studies – ask your teacher whether there will be any in your exam. A good way to get a feel for a pre-issued Case Study is to carry a SWOT analysis. This should let you pick out the main elements and possible problems/solutions that the organisation is facing. Remember Strengths and Weaknesses are internal, Opportunities and Threats are external. You should be able to identify the main topics from the specification you are following. Make sure you fully understand these topics by logging on to www. tt100. biz and using the topic navigation to go directly to a Case Study which covers that area. This will make sure you fully understand the topic and, importantly, can apply it in an exam situation. You’ll find lots of practice exams with answers at www. t100. biz. Practise answering these papers which are written in the same style as your real papers. This is excellent preparation. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints on levels of response, preparing for exams, an A-Z of help including topic summaries, definitions and much more. INTERACTIVE QUIZZES Test your knowledge with our interactive quizzes, check your results and try again to get them all right! Access specifications and practice papers through www. tt100. biz/students 21 Q Quantitative & Qualitative market research Quantitative data is information that can be measured. Questions with yes/no answers – known as closed questions – are used. Qualitative data is all about people’s feelings and opinions. It is often obtained through ‘open’ questions (i. e. What do you like about it? ). 1. Quantitative research. This involves collecting information from an appropriate sample of shoppers to find out what their views are of Homebase and the customer service that it offers. An important source is a postal survey which Homebase conducts amongst a sample of Spend & Save loyalty card holders. This is done three times a year to gauge satisfaction with, and loyalty to, Homebase. The survey allows Homebase to monitor satisfaction over time and highlight any areas that may be causing customers problems. Homebase is then able to analyse the frequency of problems relating to specific areas such as customer service, layout of stores, product range and delivery service. 2. Qualitative research typically involves smaller scale research about values and views rather than hard facts. For example, qualitative research involves interviewing small groups of customers to find out what their views are of customer service at Homebase. Exam Tip Questions often refer to sources of data. Make sure you know a few such as: †¢ questionnaire †¢ interviews †¢ web polls †¢ government sources. Also make sure you know the difference between primary and secondary research. Primary research is carried out by the firm itself. Secondary research is data a company finds that has been done by someone else. To read this Case Study and more on Homebase go to 22 www. tt100. biz/homebase Recruitment R This is the process from where an organisation decides it has a position vacant and needs to employ someone, to the point where application forms are submitted for the vacancy. Selection is the next step. Audi provides a comprehensive recruitment service to all Audi Centres, which includes role profiles, pay advice, recruitment advertising, interview guidelines and assessment centres for selection. Audi provides job descriptions for all roles including Apprentice and Audi Technician, based on researching the activities that high quality employees will be expected to perform. Testing Times What is the difference between a Job Description and Personnel Specification? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students For more detail on recruitment log onto www. tt100. biz/audi 23 S Stakeholders A stakeholder is any individual or group that is affected in some way by a company’s activities. The following identifies some of the stakeholders in Cadbury Schweppes: Stakeholder grouping Interest in the company Shareholders Owners of shares in the company. These are Looking for sustainable, healthy dividend payments primarily large institutions but also include a large and a rising share price. number of individual shareholders. Consumers Millions of people worldwide who buy and/or Wanting to buy treats or refreshments that provide consume Cadbury Schweppes products. hem with quality,taste and value. They also want to enjoy their favourite brands as well as exciting new products. Employees People who work for the company, Cadbury Looking to the company to offer good terms and Schweppes has over 50,000 employees around the conditions of employment, a healthy and safe world. working environment and opportunities for personal and professional development. Society Organisations the company works with that have an interest in the communities in which the company operates, such as local governments, international agencies, non-governmental organisations and trade unions. Wanting the company to act responsibly and respect the communities in which it operates. For example, assisting and supporting communities, respecting the environment, trading ethically and respecting human rights. Testing Times Customers and suppliers are also groups of stakeholders. †¢ What do they do? What do they want? Write your answer down and check it at www. tt100. biz/students To read this Case Study and more on Cadbury Schweppes log on to 24 www. tt100. biz/cadbury Training T Training is the development of skills and knowledge to allow employees to carry out their roles more efficiently. McDonald’s training involves a number of stages. The first is at the Welcome Meetings. These set out the company’s standards and expectations. This is followed by a structured development programme that provides training in all areas of business. Crew trainers work shoulder-to-shoulder with trainees while they learn the operations skills necessary for running each of the 11 workstations in each restaurant, from the front counter to the grill area. All employees learn to operate stateof-the-art foodservice equipment, gaining knowledge of McDonald’s operational procedures. The majority of training is floor based, or ‘on-the-job’ training because people learn more and are more likely to retain information if they are able to practise as they learn. All new employees have an initial training period. Here they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. The timescale for this depends on their status i. e. full or part-time. They will also attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness. Testing Times Can you think of three different types of training? For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/mcdonalds 25 U Unseen Case Studies You are not expected to develop a great deal of data analysis due to the time constraints – look for general trends in data. Has it got better or worse? Place a + or a – sign to help you when you look back. Ensure you use the actual figures given and not vague descriptions such as ‘it’s bigger’. You will get more marks is you say ‘the data shows an increase of 10%’. Try to look for themes within the case. What styles of management or communication can you see? Try to link these to the theory you have been taught and the specification you are following. The Times 100 has created a number of practice examinations to help you prepare for your final exam. Log on and download a practice paper then check how you would have done by accessing the mark scheme online. You can access all specifications through the website using the search by exam instructions. 26 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students View V View all the latest Case Study and exam information at www. t100. biz. You can download all the Case Studies and view them in different sizes depending on what you want: †¢ full size †¢ summary †¢ Brief Case. Make sure you keep checking back on the site as it will be updated with new material to support your lessons in class and help you prepare for examinations. No matter what Business Studies course you are taking you will find all the information you need a t www. tt100. biz. All the information can be downloaded which lets you design and build up an excellent set of notes for yourself to help you revise key topic areas. Seeing how real businesses deal with the same topics you are covering in school or at home will develop your understanding and appreciation. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 27 W www. tt100. biz www. tt100. biz for all your business studies needs. Differentiated to suit all needs and abilities and available online. Case Studies are available at three levels: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word – versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at two levels, 14-16 and 16-18. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. Glossary Check out what business words and phrases means by using our glossary of terms. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints 8 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Xchange of ideas X Xchange ideas with your friends about topic areas. You’ll probably find that your friends are really good at some of the areas you have problems with and that you’ll be able to help them in areas they are not so good in. Test each other with quick fire definitions and glossary of terms, all of which can be found on the websit e. Examiners like to see students using the right terms to support their work, which means they hand out a lot of marks for these areas. Don’t miss out on picking up some easy marks. Why not challenge one of your friends to an online quiz? See who really does know the most about a particular topic, and if you don’t do so well, practice so that next time you’ll come out on top – both in the quiz and in class. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 29 Y You You need to ensure that you are fully prepared for your examination. Past papers are excellent practice. You can get most of them free from the examination board website – with answers. You can access these from the links on www. tt100. biz. Just reading theory and business books will help to a point, but seeing how it really works will stick in your memory much better. The Times 100 Case Studies are written and designed to help you see how theory works in the real business world. Start making your own revision guides up. Pick out the parts from the Case Studies which interest and stimulate you. Mind mapping topics is a really good way to remember key areas. Look at the following – you can develop this as far as you need to. A Case Study like Arcadia will help you. Autocratic Democratic Characteristics Management Styles Theory Paternalistic Type of organisation 30 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students ZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzz Z Make sure you get plenty of rest before your exams. This means don’t leave the revision too late and try and cram it all in the night before. Research shows that little and often means you learn and remember more. Make sure you plan your time. Draw up a revision timetable which also builds in time for when you are not studying. Exercise and fresh air are equally important and keep will your body in shape as The Times 100 will keep your mind in shape. Starting revision early will ensure you don’t put yourself under excessive pressure and will allow you to identify topic areas that you are weak on or find difficult to understand. By identifying and tackling them early on you won’t be worrying about them. Don’t forget you can always ask your teacher for advice and guidance. Remember simple things such as keeping yourself hydrated can make a massive difference. So drink plenty of water! www. tt100. biz For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 31 Something new for Edition 10 At the bottom of our web pages you will find a magnifying glass. Behind some of the magnifying glasses there is a hidden letter. Collect the letters and re-arrange them to spell a well-known business studies term. Once you have registered your answer on our competition page, you will be asked a simple question, connected to the term. This will ensure your entry into our competition prize draw, where one lucky winner will receive vouchers for the High Street store of their choice. Go to www. tt100. biz and start searching today. Good luck!